Deontology Definition Essay

‘Whilst Deontology has it’s attractions it fails to provide a reliable foundation for moral decision making’ Examine and evaluate this claim (30) Deontology is based upon the actions of a person, not the consequences. The word deontology is derived from the Greek word ‘deontos’. It was developed by Immanuel Kant and it is an absolutist a priori theory, the phrase a priori means it is knowable through experience and absolutist means there are fixed rules that cannot be changed. This means Kant believed the duty of the moral law was unchangeable and through experience, if everyone followed these rules the world would be a better place. Immanuel Kant wrote ‘Critique of Pure reason’ in this book he devised his deontological theory of duty. He believed it is the duty of one to follow the moral law and not judge situations with feelings, inclination, love and compassion. Kant also believed that all humans seek for summum bonum which is the state when all human virtue and happiness are united. To help people on their way to moral decision Immanuel Kant devised the categorical imperative, this is in contrast to the hypothetical imperative. The hypothetical imperative normally starts sentence with an if e.g. if you wish to complete a good essay you must spend time on it, where as a categorical imperative tells you that you should do something, e.g. you should brush your teeth in the morning. This then was devised into three different rules on how to live your life; The Universal Law, Treat Humans as Ends in Themselves and Act as if you live in a Kingdom of Ends. Kant’s second principle in the categorical imperative, ‘So act that you treat humanity, both in your own person and in the person of every other human being, never merely as a means, but always at the same time as an end’ This shows that it could be an attractive theory as it has good intentions in mind. Like many theories, Deontology has its strengths and weaknesses. One of its main strengths is that it is an absolutist theory. This means it is either intrinsically good or bad, e.g. do not commit murder. This is a major strength as it makes an easy theory people to follow. This may attract people towards the theory as it shows guidelines to follow which some people may rely on to make their moral decision making. Another reason why it may attract people is because the rules are fixed so they do not have to question the rules whether they are right or wrong them just have to obey them keeping them in a comfortable position. This makes the theory practical in everyday use and people can depend upon the theory also there is no need to do any calculations. However there are many conflicting views to this strength. One of them is how people can become dependant on the theory. If they become to dependant upon the theory and it does not help them in a situation on moral decision making they may struggle to think of what to do next. WD Ross devised the notion of prima facie duties, this means first appearance. This is when we follow our duty unless there is an overriding obligation, e.g. telling a white lie to make someone feel good about them self. This goes against the principle of duty as you must not lie but you could argue that you will feel morally good about yourself if you make another person feel good. Therefore this does not help is moral decision making as you have conflicting duties. Strength to this theory is that justice is always the absolute. This means only intrinsically right actions are accounted for. This can be seen with Kant’s statement of good will. ‘it is impossible to conceive of anything at all in the world, or even out of it, which can be taken as good without qualification, except good will.’ This shows that only good will is the only good we can achieve from the world. By justice being an absolute it means that you cannot justify immoral actions. This is attractive because it shows that by following this theory you will not act unmorally and you will be able to reach that summum bonum as you are fulfilled with good deeds. By not being able to do any intrinsically bad actions this will make people feel it is a reliable theory because if you follow these set rules you will not harm another person. Although it seeks justice, it does not seek the best interest of the majority, this means the minority may feel that justice has been done but on the other hand the majority may feel that justice has not been served. Personally I feel by pleasing the majority I will end up with a better outcome because there will greater happiness, this links in with Utilitarianism and the greatest pleasure over the greatest pain. Another reason why this theory has its flaws is the summum bonum. The summum bonum is the ultimate fulfilment but it can only be achieved by having an immortal soul as it cannot be achieved in the lifetime. This shows links with religion, even though Kant rejected theological arguments with the existence of God. This strikes a problem because not everyone believes in God so how could you follow the theory if you do not believe in his existence. Finally it is to legalistic because it assumes everyone is a law abiding person, people have different intentions so by assuming everyone has the intention of justice is wrong. To see whether is really does fail these reliabilities; we have to compare the strengths with the weaknesses. A weakness to the theory is that there are no limits to what can be universalised. This is because in one person’s state of mind something may seem perfectly fine to another person’s state of mind, e.g. a chronically depressed person. They may feel suicide is perfectly acceptable. This links in with the first law of the categorical imperative ‘Do not act on any principle that cannot be universalised.’ This means moral laws should be taken into account into all situations. Again this is wrong because who is to say one right action is another person’s right action, this makes it very unreliable with moral decision making. However if you take into account what the majority feel is wrong or right you could come to a conclusion on universal rules. This can be seen with rules such as ‘do not commit murder’ as most people do not tolerate that and it is safe to say they do not agree with it. Finally another weakness is that Immanuel Kant starts to argue now ‘is’ to be done but what ‘ought’ to be done, this is known as the Naturalistic Fallacy. This is a weakness because it makes people feel as he is in control and he is telling what should and shouldn’t be done. This is a weakness because Kant has different agreement on morals to another agreement, again he is assuming the masses will agree with this method making unreliable. By Kant saying what ought to be done he is showing what he feels is intrinsically good and that may vary from another. On the other hand by Kant saying he ought instead of is, it shows he is laying down ground rules and some people may like this as they will have rules to follow making it a attractive and reliable moral decision making theory.

The Roles of the Mentor and of the Preceptor in Nursing

The nursing profession has found itself under siege in recent decades, facing an insufficient number of students entering the field to replace those individuals who are leaving it.   For this reason it is incumbent on those individuals already employed as nurses to assist the newly graduated nurses entering the field, easing their transition and assisting with retention. Both mentors and preceptors are practicing nurses who have put themselves into these supportive roles, ensuring that the conditions in the clinical environment create a safe and efficient workplace amenable to appropriate nursing care.   As a result of this great and continued need for the retention of new and newly advanced nurses, both mentors and preceptors are of overwhelming value to the profession.   The roles that these individuals play, however, are quite different, despite their equal value in nursing education. Mentors in Nursing Practice Mentors have long been part of professional development in other fields, dating back to ancient Greece and ancient Rome and, perhaps, beyond.   Morton-Cooper and Palmer (2000), citing Hamilton, state that â€Å"it was fully expected that the youths would learn from and emulate the values of their assigned ‘mentor.’   The term mentor became synonymous with wise, faithful guardian and teacher† (37). Some of the assumptions associated with a mentor and mentee relationship are that the mentee will eventually become self-directed through guidance, rather than other-directed and that the mentee will eventually become more performance oriented through the development of critical thinking skills developed over time in practice, rather than relying on the knowledge obtained in school (Morton-Cooper & Palmer, 2000).   It is up to the mentor to help the mentee develop these skills through a collaborative effort, acting as a guide to assist the mentee with achieving his or her potential. Preceptors in Nursing Practice Like mentors, preceptors are skilled clinicians who possess a broad body of knowledge.   Many nurses who excel at their nursing practice can be preceptors, even if they do not possess the teaching skills to be mentors.   Unlike mentors who work closely with their mentees, preceptors are individuals that model behavior for the learners on the clinical floor.   In addition, preceptors observe the learners and analyze and evaluate the behaviors and activities that they observe.   Preceptors have what might be termed a â€Å"quasi-mentoring† role in terms of students, providing support when the student needs it, rather than the day to day guidance provided by the mentor.   According to Morton-Cooper and Palmer (2000) the lack of understanding of the preceptor’s role allowed it to be confused with that of the mentor (p. 47). Learning Contract A learning contract is a formal tool used in mentoring situations.   This contract makes provisions for resource allocations, establishes the relationship between mentor and mentee, and provides sufficient and useful assessment of the learner’s progress (Morton-Cooper & Palmer, 2000).     In addition, preceptor learning contracts that set the learning objectives held by both the learner and the preceptor are useful documents, particularly in the case of rotating schedules and other difficulties that might prevent the preceptor and learner from being on the floor at the same time. The learning contract can also be used as a learning â€Å"diary,† in which the learner records the emotions connected with the clinical experience (Morton-Cooper & Palmer, 2000).     Because clinical nursing experience is an experiential form of learning, having records of the learning process and the emotions associated with it can provide valuable insight in connection with the environment in which the nurse is learning and working. In addition, this contract can be used to provide a roadmap that might be used to measure the learner’s commitment to the program. Conclusion The preceptor and the mentor are both valuable members of the teaching team, who act in conjunction with the nurse educator’s classroom instruction. The learning contract is also a valuable learning and teaching tool that can be used to direct both the teaching process and the learning process, as well. Reference Morton-Cooper, A., & Palmer, A. (2000).  Ã‚   Mentoring, preceptorship and clinical supervision: A guide to professional roles in clinical practice.   Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, Inc.

Counselor Interviews

Ethics in the field of marital and family psychology is a very sensitive subject to both the clientele treated and the counselors. The issue of ethics as it pertains to marital and family counseling can create barriers and obstacles preventing clients from being able to fully trust the counselor.Other ethical concerns vary from whether or not to inform a parent of their child’s admitted illegal drug use to that of having a client who divulges having a life-threatening sexually transmitted disease but does not wish to have their spouse informed. Different accredited psychiatric associations have developed and implemented a defined code of ethics upon which each participating member is responsible in upholding (ACA, 2005; Leong, 2008)). Education and training for licensed counselors serve as a platform to provide answers to ethical dilemmas, however; it is up to the individual counselor as to how he or she chooses to respond.Chase and Gina provide marital and family counseling t o a variety of individuals. Chase works for a private mental health group and has been practicing for the last eight years. Gina is a licensed counselor working for a public mental health services organization. She has been employed at the same office for the last fourteen years. As professional counselors, both Chase and Gina indicate that the defined code of ethics outlined by the American Counseling Association (ACA) serves as a major tool of ethical reference (personal communication, May 18, 2010; ACA, 2005).Ethical Dilemmas I. Chase He was providing marital counseling for a very troubled couple (personal communication, May 18, 2010). The couple had entered into marital counseling because of issues of trust, mistrust, and possible infidelity. The wife was asserting that her husband had PSYCHOLOGY 3 been unfaithful. One evening after work, Chase stopped by the local grocery store. After pulling in he noticed a couple engaged in a very passionate kiss.Much to his surprise, he disc overed that the female involved in the kiss was in fact the accusing wife whom he was currently counseling. She immediately disengaged from kissing her male companion after she recognized her counselor. At the next counseling session, the married couple indicated that the wife had admitted to her infidelities. The husband asserted that he had already filed for divorce, but he wanted to inform the counselor in person and request that his counseling continue on an individual basis. The wife asserted that she, too, wished to continue with individual therapy.As a result, Chase declined to provide the requested individual therapy, but did provide them each with referrals. His decision to do so was based on the probability of being called as a potential witness in the pending divorce proceedings (Hecker & Wetchler, 2003). II. Gina A memorable case of ethics for Gina involved a mother and her three teenage children. The family had been referred for services via the local family court follo wing a very difficult divorce and custody battle in which the husband, and father to the children, had just left.The mother had been diagnosed with Bipolar I over three years ago, but she had great difficulty in getting her manic episodes under control. As a result, her children had to be placed into foster care in order to protect their safety and well-being. After much therapy and many medication changes, the mother was deemed well enough to be a fit parent and was awarded custody. At a family session, the counselor noticed that the mother was acting out of sorts. She was extremely talkative but was not making much sense.She rambled from one subject to the next and was unable to sit down, all the while walking and pacing around the room. The counselor excused PSYCHOLOGY 4 herself from the room citing that she had to check on something, and she went and retrieved one of her supervising colleagues. He re-entered the session and was properly introduced. Gina felt it best if the child ren were not present at this particular juncture, so she invited the children to wait in an adjoining office where they could watch television.The oldest child indicated that his mom was doing it again; referencing the manic episode. Gina and her supervisor asked the mother if she was still taking her medications. The mother responded that she had discontinued her medications because they made her feel too tired and too groggy which interfered with her being able to take care of her children. The mother then questioned the counselors as to why there were so many bugs crawling on the walls. Gina then asked the mother if she would be willing to go to the hospital for a day or two in order to get her medications regulated. The mother refused.Gina chose to have the mother involuntarily committed as her mania and delusions provided that she could be of harm not only to herself but to her minor children as well (Corey, Corey, & Callanan, 2007). While issues involving ethics often seems to center around the function and professional abilities of the counselor, they also come from the client (Pope & Vasquez, 2007). Some clients are very concerned over the issues of confidentiality. This can lead both the counselor and the client to a dead end if the client does not trust the counselor enough to support his or her privacy.Some clients will test the ethical boundaries of the counselor as a means for determining the level of trust to be bestowed on the counselor. This is especially true in the ethical dilemma faced by Chase. In Gina’s case, she was faced with the issue of protecting the physical and mental well-being of her clients, the entire family. Involuntary commitment is usually a last PSYCHOLOGY 5 resort for counselors who are trying to help their clients.In rare instances, some clients will hinder the counselor with unwelcomed sexual advances. Counselors like Gina and Chase received much training from their respected secondary educational institutions of l earning. This training and education was furthered during their graduate studies. Both counselors, however, explain that face-to-face experience is sometimes the best educator. It has been suggested that when an ethical dilemma is difficult to resolve, the best and most absolute measure to take is to consult with a supervising colleague.Other professional colleagues in the field may have already encountered a similar situation or know of someone that was involved in a similar dilemma (Kottler & Shepard, 2007). Ethical dilemmas will continue to plague and confuse psychiatric professionals. Clients will invariably continue raising ethical questions whether deliberately or unknowingly. Organizations like the American Counseling Association have attempted to define and outline a specific list of possible problems with possible solutions.Experience combined with education and training offer recourse to counselors whose dilemma may be more difficult to resolve than referring to the curren tly endorsed code of ethics. In the meantime, counselors will dutifully stand by their clientele and support their mental well-being, which is ultimately the most important ethic of all. References American Counseling Association (ACA). (2005). Ethics. Retrieved from http://www. counseling. org/Resources/CodeOfEthics/TP/Home/CT2. aspx Corey, G. , Corey, M. , & Callanan, P. (2007).Issues and ethics in the helping profession (7th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Hecker, L. , & Wetchler, J. (2003). An introduction to marriage and family therapy. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Clinical Practice Press. Kottler, J. , & Shepard, D. (2007). Introduction to counseling: voices from the field (6th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Leong, F. (2008). Encyclopedia of counseling. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Pope, K. , & Vasquez, M. (2007). Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling: a practical guide (3rd ed. ). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Model employed by Massive Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Model employed by Massive Inc - Essay Example It will also help publishers offset the skyrocketing costs of video game development, which can in turn benefit gamers, keeping game prices affordable and opening the door to free game play, free content, tournaments and other possibilities that add realism and entertainment value to the overall game experience. The gamming industry in Australia stretches decades of years back. Over time and again games industry has earned a reputation for quality in a vast wide world market hungry for the new content. The government on the other hand has been very supportive by realising that digital games create growth and generate jobs for many people including developers, hardware manufacturers, publishers and retailers, it has resorted to developing a large and thriving 'high-tech' sector by funding strategies through providing Sony PlayStation 2 and Xbox Development Kits to local companies that would usually not be able to afford them and grab a bigger share of the market. This has been promulgated funding local game content through Film Victoria's Digital Media Fund. In a nut shell the Australian games industry is made up of over 40 companies employing more developers. 2The amalgamation encompassing local branches of large international publishers, established larger local companies, plus smaller and newer companies that only have a few employees is also a monumental key driver in the Australian game industry since three quarters of these companies are in the business of developing games. A growing number of tertiary institutions that offer Diploma and Degree courses in games development are meant to create a bridge in the technical expertise in the gaming industry by focussing and teaching strictly on the design aspects of games while others take an IT and programming-based approach. Potential Vulnerability. The worst anathema facing games industry, according to trade body the Interactive Entertainment Alliance of Australia (IEAA), is piracy. Which represents 15 of the top game platform holders and publishers, including Electronic Arts, Vivendi, Sony Computer entertainment, Nintendo and recent joinee Nokia Research commissioned by the IEAA in 2002, estimated the cost of piracy at $100million a colossal figure that was growing with the economy. The widespread availability and low cost of CD burners had clearly facilitated the growth of these sources of pirated product, the IEAA claims. The impact of computer markets on the games retail channel varied across Australia, according to retailers contacted by. One publisher that confirmed it would ship unclassified games to Australia is running with Scissors, a small US game publisher whose game Postal was banned in Australia in 1997. Any local publishers did not pick up the sequel, Postal 2, and thus it was not submitted for a rating through t he OFLC. Popular web auction site eBay is another avenue in which buyers can obtain banned games, either domestically or from overseas. And the infiltration of illegal games. Hot spots for the sale of pirated games and mod chipping in Sydney include Liverpool, Campbell town and Flemington, says distributor Tech Pacific's games category manager Nathan Dingle. Description & analysis of the online market in

Redesigning Cost Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Redesigning Cost Systems - Essay Example It seems to cause competition and arguments between departments. They argue over who was to blame for unfavorable variances when using traditional systems. Push through productions is productions that use large amounts of raw material and partially finished products. The materials or products are moved from one process to another. The preferred method, "pull through" production, is replacing this old method. The products are in work cells or similar workstations. An employee in a cell can operate several types of equipment. An order can be processed quickly within the cell. The "pull through" method is preferred because it decreases cycle time and holds on orders. The inventory is not overloaded with this method either. One group is responsible for the product as a whole. This decreases the chance of defects. The best way to make standard cost systems more dynamic is to update the variances. Variances in raw materials can be updated by adding a quality variance. This will allow the materials that were produced, but not used, to be factored into the equation. The efficiency variance factors the difference between the weight of the material used and the standard weight used for total production. The traditional method uses the weight of good production instead of total production. Another way to add variances is to split up the volume variance into market size and market share variances. A good way to deal with orders that are completed but not shipped is the Finished Goods Variance. If a sales order could not be filled for any reason, it results in loss of opportunity. To use this as a factor there is a Sales Order Variance. Other ways to add dynamics to the standard system are to use best performance records for a variance on past performances. This is a highly motivating tool for busine sses. Benchmarking tracks the performance of competitors. This is another motivating tool. This competition will also encourage a better product for consumers. Another way to use dynamic standards is through moving cost reductions. This decreases the standard cost by a certain percent each period. Target cost is another method used to make a product viable in today's market. By setting a price before production, manufacturers can find ways to lower the cost until it reaches the target. The reports on SCSs need to be accurate to be viable. A team atmosphere avoids conflict and encourages employees to be responsible. A team using a work cell arrangement and variances on reports will be less likely to be in conflict and in return be more productive. The final way to improve SCSs is to use it in relation to ABC. When a company has many indirect costs, ABC results produce better pricing. If combined, ABC can be used for indirect costs or analysis of indirect costs and SCS can be updated and used for direct costs or financial records. 4. Considering the suggestions made in this article, in contrast to the chapter presentation of standard costing, which ideas make the most sense to you and why I like the idea of using the SCS in conjunction with ABC. I make sense to track both direct and

Hypocrisy in The Scarlett Letter and The Adventures of Huckleberry Essay

Hypocrisy in The Scarlett Letter and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - Essay Example The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, on the other hand, is a critique of the lack of consistency in the moral and spiritual standards of the people of the southern states of America before the abolition of slavery. painting a realistic picture of the antebellum south, Mark Twain manages to bring to the notice of the reader the evils of the practice of slavery and the contradictions inherent in this system. The awareness regarding this social ill among the southerners is a testimony to the remarkable hypocrisy that they demonstrated when it came to issues regarding African Americans who were discriminated against and ill-treated because of the color of their skin. This was used against them and they were required to do a lot of unpaid work for the whites who considered themselves to be the repository of a great many beliefs that they considered noble and elegant. The coexistence of these beliefs with the practice of slavery is contradictory and hypocritical; this is precisely what the author seeks to say through his novel. The theme of hypocrisy in The Scarlet Letter is explored primarily through the critique of the Puritan establishment of New England. In the very beginning of the novel, Hawthorne introduces the hypocritical attitudes of the people who live in the nineteenth centuries and profess to be owners of great virtues but are interested in the same sensual activities as the others. In the chapter titled â€Å"The Custom-house†, Hawthorne uses irony as a tool to criticize the shallowness of the Puritan establishment of nineteenth century America (Subbu, 300). He thus seeks to establish a connection between the renegacy of the protagonist of The Scarlet Letter and himself in their acts of defiance towards the hypocritical attitudes of the Puritans, who failed to employ the same standards of virtue to everybody. The gluttony and the sloth of the members of the custom-house are remarkable since they are the very people who are against this in other pe ople, at least in theory (Basu). However, it is this very discrepancy between theory and practice that is critiqued constantly in The Scarlet Letter. This discrepancy characterizes the relationship between Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale who is a priest in the Puritan establishment. Neither Hester nor Dimmesdale chooses to expose the secret behind the birth of Pearl and the puritan emblem of virtue, Dimmesdale, is fine with letting Hester bear the brunt of the punishment that is given by the society for the ‘crime’ of adultery. This exposes the hypocrisy that even people who were apparently of great moral rectitude could fall prey to in a puritan society where the appearance of virtue was more important than the actual presence of it in a person. This theme is something that Hawthorne explores even in the short stories that he has written. One such story would be Young Goodman Brown which reveals the presence of vice in the best of hearts in a puritan society that s ought to repress even the basic human desires that a person was likely to have. The

A qualitative proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

A qualitative - Research Proposal Example Consequently, the organizations face different problems labour turnover cost, decreasing employees morale and productivity. Under this situation, it is highly significant that those causes must be highlighted and evaluated that are directly or indirectly responsible for creating difficulties for assimilation process. Additionally, as the assimilation has always been preferred by organizations because it provides productive contribution to overall organizational performance and productivity besides maintaining and stabilizing the workplace culture and environment, organizations and individuals are always looking for ways to improve their chances of compatibility and adjustment with the workplace culture through the process of assimilation. And this can only be done through evaluating hindrances and supporting factors that facilitate the process of assimilation. Jablin’s organizational assimilation theory is composed of four stages: vocational anticipatory socialization, anticipatory socialization, encounter and metamorphosis (Dainton and Zelley, 2011). In the first stage, newcomers develop certain beliefs and expectations relating to nature and type of work; in the second stage, the newcomers start to learn organizational matters and endeavour to obtain knowledge, skills required to meet job description; in the third stage, which is more related to the organizational culture, the newcomers try to ascertain type of organizational cultures and how communications and understanding among and between employees take place; in the fourth stage, the newcomers experience transition from outsider to insider (Dainton and Zelley, 2011). In other words, each stage has its own boundaries and requirements and they are sequenced as well. For example, in order to undergo this process, every newcomer is required to experience this process from first stage to the fourth stage. This study is

Let them die Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Let them die - Essay Example 500 hundred languages are spoken by less than 100 speakers; another 1500 languages are spoken by less than 1000 speakers. Most of the languages will survive in the next decades. Such disappearances are galvanized into action in increasingly vocal campaign to preserve a linguistic diversity. When a language dies we lose the possibilities of a unique way of describing and perceiving the world. The effect of homogenizing monoculture upon the ways of life, pop ham was afraid of the spread of English by the American culture; it was delivered by Japanese technology and hegemony of a few notable transactional languages. David a linguist echoed the sentiments last year. We care about the dying languages which reduces the diversity of the planets. Vanishing voices, Daniel and Suzanne, link to preserve languages to the campaign for fundamental human rights and protection the minority groups which is regarded as aggressive cultural imperialism and globalization, they argue in a bench mark in cultural diversity. Death of languages is symptomatic cultural death a way life disappears. The point of any language is to enable communication, the translator Miguel Leon and renowned Mexican historian has put it in order to survive, a language must have a functional language spoken by few or a hundred, is not a language. Enriching to learn other languages delve into other cultures, but it is not because different cultures and languages are unique. Making across contact of barriers of culture and languages allows room for expansion of horizons and becomes more universal (Lyons, 148). Human capacity of any language shapes the way of thinking, most linguists long given idea about people perception of the world, and concepts they hold. French speakers view the universe differently from the English speakers; they speak French which is clearly absurd. Biological notions of racial differences have fallen into disfavor, as a result, of the

Information on databases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Information on databases - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that databases are found anywhere structured data needs to be stored and referenced for future use. This includes places like schools, hospitals, businesses, libraries, banks and even at the home. Tables are the basic entities that store structured data in the form of rows and columns. Forms are designed to make the entry of data into tables easier. Queries are used to make searches on tables based on specific criteria and the output can be given in the form of a report that clearly shows the results of the query. The researcher states that he uses a timetable to store data about my classroom activities and he uses a paper based table to store records of things he needs to do during the week. This includes such items as shopping for groceries, studying and places to visit. It has two columns of time and activity and several rows. Paper and database forms differ in the following ways. Database forms are electronic and thus can handle more da ta than paper can by several orders of magnitude. Paper forms are limited in their functionality, unlike database forms which allow functionality search as carrying out quick searches, sorting, delete and undelete and etc. Database forms can allow an audit trail to indicate who accessed what and when. Paper forms cannot allow this to happen. Database forms are more persistent and more difficult to destroy, unlike paper forms because of easing of copying and storage.

The Vision of the Organization and Motivation Assignment - 1

The Vision of the Organization and Motivation - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that to get to an end result, there are basically two ways. The first way is to be pulled to the outcome by being inspired internally and the other way is to be pushed to the outcome either through external or internal motivation. It should be noted that there a massive difference between inspiration and motivation, very little are inspired. It is essential to consider about which of the above two makes for an improved, easier to attain outcome and which one is being used and why is it considered. The ways in which aims can be archived is what the vision tells. The most important step to success whether in personal or business growth is having a clear vision of the end result, it basically brings inspiration. Fears fade away, procrastination vanishes and confronts fall away. Vision should be of paramount importance, at least build a vision of short-term to utilize till the long-term vision turns out to be clearer. To define the visions work must be done in team s, if the end results are clearly stated then it is much easier to decide what steps to be taken. Vision is one of the most widely used terms in the companies. However, the companies do not understand it well because the leaders themselves are not able to understand the proper meaning of a vision. Moreover, the leaders also do not understand the real meaning and the importance of the word â€Å"vision†. However, there are also some strategic leaders who understand the importance of vision really well. This is because the vision helps the company and also guides the employees in moldings the company. Therefore, it is highly essential to clarify the meaning of the word â€Å"vision† to clearly communicate it to the employees. A vision should be based on reality and should be meaningful to an organization. For instance, if you are creating a vision for a PC software organization that has imprinted a small position in the marketplace creating instructional software and has successfully attained 2% share of the computer software marketplace, a vision to go beyond Microsoft and rule the computer software marketplace is not realistic.

Math in Aviation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Math in Aviation - Essay Example Drag is the normal friction caused by the plane moving through air molecules. Drag is also a reaction to lift and this lift must be generated by the wings of the airplane in flight. Newton's First Law of Motion: An object at rest will remain at rest or an object in motion will continue in motion at the same speed and in the same direction, until an outside force acts on it. For an aircraft to taxi or fly, a force must be applied to it. It would remain at rest without an outside force. Once the aircraft is moving, another force must act on it to bring it to a stop. It would continue in motion without an outside force. This willingness of an object to remain at rest or to continue in motion is referred to as inertia. Newton's Second Law of Motion: If a object moving with uniform speed is acted upon by an external force, acceleration will be directly proportional to the amount of force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object being moved. The motion will take place in the direction in which the force acts. Simply stated, this means that an object being pushed by 100 pounds of force will travel faster than it would if it were pushed by 50 pounds of force. A heavier object will accelerate more slowly than a lighter object when an equal force is applied. Newton's Third L Newton's Third Law of Motion: For every action (force) there is an equal and opposite reaction (force). This law can be demonstrated with a balloon. If you inflate a balloon with air and release it without securing the neck, as the air is expelled the balloon moves in the opposite direction of the air rushing out of it. Bernoulli's Principle: When a fluid flowing through a tube reaches a constriction or narrowing of the tube, the speed of the fluid passing through the constriction is increased and its pressure is decreased. Lift: The lift force of a wing is derived from the independent action of its upper and lower surface. Aerodynamics is the study of the forces that let an aircraft fly. Motion is changing place or position. Air has no force or power other than pressure when it's motionless. When air is moving, its force becomes apparent. A moving object in motionless air has a force exerted on it as a result of its own motion. It makes no difference in the effect whether an object is moving in relation to the air or the air is moving in relation to the object. Newton's first and third Laws of Motion explain why deflecting the air downwards must result in a corresponding upward force. The air moving over the upper surface of the airplane is forced too travel farther, therefore velocity is increased. The increase in velocity caused a decrease in pressure. This causes lift in the upper surfaces. The air that passes beneath the airfoil has less distance to travel, this results in increase in air pressure on the lower surfaces and in decrease in air pressure on the upper surfaces. The total lift produced by the airfoil is equal to the difference downwards. The wing is said to have a relative angle of attack. The lift drops off at high angles of attack because the air instead of flowing smoothly over the upper surface breaks away from it and forms eddying currents. Gravity: Gravity is natural force acting upon the airplane. Gravity is the force that plays an

The Process of Analyzing the Concept Essay Example for Free

The Process of Analyzing the Concept Essay Introduction This analysis is based on Apple Inc. case study in which the strategic management is analyzed. In the process of analyzing this concept, the article also indentifies the issues and problems as they are presented together with the identification of the major issues surrounding the organization and individuals that are involved with the Apple Inc. Alternative course of action is addressed together with the recommendation that is based on the analysis. Understanding strategic management Through strategic management, a series of moves are developed and executed with an aim of enhancing the organization to be successful in the current situation and also in the future. As the Apple Inc aggressive history is analyzed, a slew of examples are unveiled with an illustration of the irreproducible ability in the effort to have an adoption as well as own market creation. Apple’s strategic management The success of Apple Inc. has been based on its ability to integrate into its model of business operation a management that is strategic. Through strategic management diligent involvement, Apple Inc. has been able to ensure that it is not maneuvered; a strategy that has enabled the company for the past 3 decades to emerge as successful in the competition. However, believing that Apple Inc. has not gone through some setbacks would be illogical. In fact, this is one of the companies that have their good testimony of how the tread of emerging as successful in an already established market can be challenging. However, Apple Inc. has been able to maintain a steady pace as it makes effort to continue with the market analysis, which has been enhanced through having a strategic plan that has been implemented properly, and through capitalizing on strengths that have been highlighted, the analysis has indentified. In the philosophy simple terms, the strategic management is perceived to be basically important to every leading business in any sector of the economy. A model example happens to be presented by Apple Inc. on how the strategic management incorporation can assist in making a firm to successfully be able to meet its expectations and objectives (Yoffie and Slind, 2008). Through the strategic management development, Apple Inc. has benefited in many ways despite the challenges that have been witnessed in the process. Emerging as an industrial giant in the modern business is not an easily achievable goal, but will require a strategy in place that clears the path to success. Internal growth has in one way or the other enhanced the competitive growth of Apple Inc. and through maintaining an aggressive business tread, its importance has been realized in the lucrative success that has been enjoyed by Apple Inc (HBSWK, 2004). In technology, Apple Inc. has advanced from the initial computer industry to involvement of the peripherals which has been based on its products and services that have been on a wide scope. The Apple’s mission highlights a company that is with no doubt in the process of revolving the technology industry. The short term goals of Apple have not been well defined, which presents one of the major shortcomings Of Apple Inc’s strategies. Due to its major goal which has in the past been aimed at ensuring that the customers are provided with the best personal computers globally, finding other specific objectives has proved difficult to Apple. Of late, it has been realized that due to the modern emerging competition, Apple Inc. has continued losing its customers to the alternative companies that are offering their products at a lower market price, especially in the iPod music; this has strongly been attributed to the increasing hackers of the code and the piracy. Other challenges facing has been failure to draw a specific target to a customer group that is focused and failing to take advantage of the customers that already exist. Product integration failure coupled with the technologies that are available readily has been another challenge that has continued to establish it self into this company, which has been critical its success. These problems have however not been very critical to the business. The inability of Apple Inc. to be comparable to other companies has been based on the fact that Apple has not been specializing in one product scope , thus providing a more complicated scope of products. This can be an advantage as well as well as a disadvantage. Looking at Apple Inc. initial mission, the specification has been based on the computer development. With a new product development (consider the iPhone), a new mission was redefined, leaving uncertainty in evaluation of Apples initial goal (Freedman, 1998). Is it a company which has found opportunities in the market that is appropriate resulting to incorporation or is it a company that has from the onset been aimed at clearly known goals? Recommendation Apple Inc. has enjoyed success of growth in the market through development of products that have been widely accepted. The company however needs to improvise its technology and products to eliminate the problem that it has faced involving loss of its customers to the competitors. The identification of a specific group of customers would be very relevant in the process of ensuring certainty of existence in the market. The introduction of iPhone for example targeted the category of young men; a group which is likely to be very dynamic and slippery to new technology. Having a specific group of customer will thus enable Apple Inc. to progress with a strategy that will result in continuous market of its products. Just like any other company, Apple Inc. is prone to dynamic business environment and the appropriate strategic management is what is required if the business has not only to exist in the market, but also result in continuous profits. References Freedman, R., (1998). Apple Computer Inc. New York University Leonard N. School of Business HBSWK (2004). Where Does Apple Go from Here?. HBS Working Knowledge Yoffie, B. and Slind, M., (2008). Apple Inc., 2008. Harvard Business School

Financial Abuse of the Elderly

Financial Abuse of the Elderly Combatting Financial Abuse Introduction Elder financial abuse is becoming a bigger threat and costly problem affecting elders and their families. As the older adult population in the U.S. continues to increase, so will the opportunities for unscrupulous criminals to take advantage of the wealth that many older adults have accumulated through their lifetime. While these crimes seem to be only committed by strangers, elder financial abuse is also committed by people who occupy traditional positions of trust, such as friends and relatives. Combatting financial elder abuse begins with getting the entire family and social network involved. Talk frequently with the elder.   Have they been approached by new friends lately? Have they been offered a recent unique opportunity? Listening closely enough, one will be able to spot and stop scams before they go too far. Importance to the study Financial losses due to fraud and abuse can undermine the ability of older adults to continue to live in their own homes and afford their long-term health care needs. This stress can take a great toll on the elder. Many older individuals experience increased health problems that can lead to serious depression all due to the increase in financial loses. Perhaps worse is the loss of trust older adults develop in others and themselves after being the victims of financial fraud. Financial Fraud is a Widespread Problem In 2015 alone, older adults lost a total of $36.5 billion because of financial fraud and scams. Seniors who are socially isolated and/or in mental decline can be especially susceptible. The abuse can leave victims traumatized as well as financially harmed, or even ruined. The fear is the problem could worsen since more than 10,000 Americans turn age 65 every day. An estimated one in five older adults has been the victim of financial fraud. Many of these victims are stripped of their assets and left with little to live on. Many of these victims rarely see their money returned even if the criminal is caught. And of course, many people dont report the crime at all. The Federal Trade Commission says one in 24 financial elder abuse crimes ever get reported. What are some statistics of Elder Financial Abuse? Most analysts go with the 2010 Investor Protection Trust Elder Fraud Survey which said one in five Americans over the age of sixty-five, has been victimized by a financial fraud and a 2011 MetLife Mature Market Institute study determining that financial exploitation costs seniors at least $2.9 billion annually. At the other end of the scale, True-Link, a company that provides account-monitoring software for elders and their families, has projected that financial elder abuse costs families more than $36 billion a year, 12 times the MetLife estimate. True-Link arrived at its estimate by surveying family caregivers of older people. Defining financial elder abuse is very difficult because of the wide estimates of what is considered financial elder abuse. Many know it’s a problem but how big the problem is quite hard to say, because hard data is so scarce. The reason for this scarcity is due to the fact financial abuse often goes unreported, because the victim often feels shame and embarrassment. This paper will explore financial abuse and how to combat financial abuse in the elderly population. Literature Review Many theories have been proposed to help explain financial elder abuse. Such theories have mainly been adapted from other fields such as child abuse and intimate partner abuse. Although the literature covers a wide variety of these theories, this review will focus on several major themes which emerge repeatedly though out the literature reviewed. These themes include: how prevalent is elder financial abuse, who is committing elder financial abuse, what effects does financial abuse have on its victims and what can be done to help prevent elder financial abuse. Although the literature presents these themes in a variety of contexts, this paper will primarily focus on their application to how devastating elder financial abuse can be to its victims. The prevalence of financial elder abuse is on the rise. As baby boomers are now in retirement criminals are taking advantage of this ever-increasing opportunity to steal from them. Burns, Henderson, Charles, Sheppard, Zhao, Pillemer and Lachs (2017) suggests that, â€Å"Approximately one of every 18 cognitively intact older adults living in the community experiences financial fraud or scam each year.† It is felt that elder financial abuse can be considered a sort of financial exploitation. This exploitation occurs when the perpetrator misuses or takes the elder’s money for their own personal benefit. This frequently happens without the knowledge or consent of a senior, depriving them of vital financial resources. The rising number of seniors only increases the opportunities for perpetrators to practice their art of stealing. The question that begs to be answered is who would do this to our most vulnerable generation? Perhaps the most tragic element of elder abuse is the fact that in many cases, the perpetrator is a trusted friend or family member whom the elderly person thinks is acting in their best interest. A popular way to gain access to the elder’s finances is through using the services of a lawyer. Lawyers need to be aware of the ways in which their services may be used by family members or caregivers as a means of financial abuse. Hannah (2016) say’s â€Å"Often, a lawyer may be asked to draft documents that provide an elderly persons family member or caregiver with an opportunity to steal the elderly person’s possessions. â€Å"A story was once told about a distraught sister,  convinced that her brother was stealing from their parents. The daughter was concerned because the son was given total control over their parent’s affairs. This gave him the legal authority to make both financial decisions without being accountable to anyone else and all healthcare decisions as well.   When asked if the daughter had called Adult Protective Services, she said, â€Å"no because she didn’t want to get her brother in trouble.† Perpetrators are not limited only to the ones the senior might know, there are others. Seniors control a major portion of the nation’s wealth. Thieves go where the money is and realize that the elderly often suffer from cognitive and physical disabilities and are vulnerable. Also, many seniors are socially isolated, lonely and have no one to consult with on financial matters thus making them susceptible to manipulation. Goergen and Beaulien (2010) explains, â€Å"Perpetrators pretend trustworthiness by posing as relatives when they call the elderly on the telephone or pose as craftsmen at victims’ doorstep, or they appeal to victims’ readiness to help by pretending to be a family member in a situation of distress and needing support.† Another sad story was told, when a man prompted an elderly woman to sell her home and wire the money to a mysterious bank account.  The man, who claimed to be communicating from another country, promised to marry her. It was all a scam. Today, the woman is homeless. When asked why she did that, she said, â€Å"well that’s what you do when you’re in love.† People committing financial fraud schemes are experts in deception, and very good at coming up with new ways to trick unsuspecting victims. They have learned to be experts in manipulation. Tacchino (2017) says in some cases, the elderly client feels responsible for what happened and they are too embarrassed to make a complaint. Suffering victimization can lead a senior to withdraw and have an increasing feeling of hopelessness. Faced with financial loss, some victims may contemplate suicide. Additionally, having money stolen in retirement can make it difficult for the elderly to afford needed medical care which can cause medical conditions to worsen. While it’s important to understand the signs of elder abuse, it may be more productive to take steps to prevent abuse from occurring in the first place. Oumlil and Williams (2011) Given the significance of the elderly consumer market in the development of successful and comprehensive marketing strategies, it is imperative that marketing decision-makers and policymakers better understand and respond to the varied needs of this significant consumer segment.   Family conversations can help gain insight into the senior’s affairs and mental state. Jackson (2015) explained, people who have been battling financial exploitation are pleased to observe the increased attention that financial exploitation is receiving at all levels of society. Family discussions between elders and adult children could serve as a much-needed reality check. Ideally, conversations on these matters should take place well before retirement, to ensure that elders are adequately prepared. This will give the whole family the time needed to anticipate, plan, and make smarter, more informed decisions. In identifying weaknesses and gaps, one question would be how often are perpetrators caught and what are the penalties that they would receive.   There is very little to no news of anyone being fined or sent to prison for stealing an old person’s life savings. In conclusion, focusing on these five major themes which have emerged though out the literature reviewed include a better understanding of the prevalence in elder financial abuse, who is committing elder financial abuse, what effects financial abuse has on its victims and what can be done to help prevent elder financial abuse. Hopefully this will show how devastating elder financial abuse can be. Oral History An interview with Joe F. who wished to remain anonymous is 77 years old.   He had the unfortunate experience of someone trying to trick him into sending money under the false impression of helping a family member out of a financial jam.   Joe became an unwilling expert in the popular scam which is commonly known as the grandparent scam. Goergen and Beaulien (2010) explain, that perpetrators pretend trustworthiness by posing as relatives when they call the elderly on the telephone or pose as craftsmen at victims’ doorstep, or they appeal to victims’ readiness to help by pretending to be a family member in a situation of distress and needing support. It is so simple and so devious because it uses one of most reliable assets seniors have, it’s their hearts. Scammers will place a call to an elderly person and when the senior picks up, they will say something along the lines of: â€Å"Hi Grandpa, do you know who this is?† This is exactly how Joe said his unsuspecting scam call started out. He said when he answered the phone, the voice on the other end was hard to recognize, the excuse was given that it was a bad cell phone signal. The unsuspecting grandparent guesses the name of the grandchild the scammer most sounds like. By doing this the scammer can establish a fake identity without having to do any background research. Joe said, â€Å"Is this Jack?† The voice on the other end said, â€Å"yes, its Jack.† Once the fake grandchild identity is established the scammer will usually ask for money to solve some unexpected financial problem such as overdue rent, payment for car repairs, etc. In Joe’s case the caller said they were in a traffic accident and needed some money to have the car towed. Often the scammer will ask money to be sent via Western Union or MoneyGram. Often money transferred this route does not require identification to collect.  At this point, Joe began to be suspicious because Jack only has his learners permit and would not be driving alone.   So, Joe began to probe further by asking where Jack was. The voice on the other end was reluctant to say. Often the scam artist will beg the grandparent, â€Å"please don’t tell my parents, they would kill me.†Ã‚   By this time, Joe felt like this was a scam and hung up the phone. These scams are likely to be done hundreds of times on unsuspecting seniors just like Joe. The fact that no research is needed makes this a scam a popular one that can be perpetrated over and over at very little or no cost to the scammer. After the call, Joe went on to say how vulnerable he felt. He said they knew my number, they knew my name and now they know my grandsons name. Then he said, â€Å"my feelings of vulnerability turned to anger.† These feelings are common with the victim. Imagine the heightened feelings of vulnerability and anger knowing they had stolen your money as well. Joe said he was glad I was doing this research on this topic and hopes this will help others be more educated about how to avoid being victims of this type of financial abuse. Brian’s Story is about financial elder abuse that happens when the perpetrator is known to the victim. Brian’s brother, stole thousands of dollars from him when Brian moved into an assisted living center. Brian’s retirement funds began to disappear after his brother was granted power of attorney to take care of his finances. After Brian had a visit with his son, they uncovered that Brian’s brother had lied to him about the selling price of his condominium. The price was $156,000 more than what is brother had said the condo sold for. When he returned home, Brian unsuccessfully tried to address the subject with his brother. Things took a turn for the worse when he got a letter from Medicare that said that because he hadn’t paid his premiums he was suspended from the program. His brother had neglected making these payments. For Brian, taking his brother to court proved futile. Through a series of consultations, Brian said he was told that even if his brother did get convicted, he would be dead by the time he would recover any of the money. But Brian isnt letting his financial woes keep him down.   His attitude is inspirational. Brian is not alone. So many elders will be financially abused annually, and the numbers will continue to rise, because many seniors are likely too scared or otherwise unable to seek help. Discussion As many of us have parents that are elders or we might be elders ourselves, it is important to understand how prevalent elder financial abuse is. It is imperative to know who is committing elder financial abuse, to understand what effects does financial abuse have on its victims and what can be done to help prevent elder financial abuse from happening. Some have argued that financial elder abuse is not very common because the news seldom carries stories of such cases. However, findings from Burns, Henderson, Charles, Sheppard, Zhao, Pillemer and Lachs (2017) suggests that approximately five percent of cognitively intact older adults living in the community experiences financial fraud or scam each year. As the increase of baby boomers now in retirement criminals are taking advantage of this ever-increasing opportunity to steal from them. As a home health nurse, I am finding that financial elder abuse is happening more and more due to the increased complaints reported by my patients. So why are the elderly so vulnerable? Thieves go where the money is and realize that the elderly have it. To make getting it easier, many seniors often suffer from cognitive and physical disabilities making them more vulnerable. Goergen and Beaulien (2010) explains, perpetrators pretend trustworthiness by posing as relatives when they call the elderly on the telephone or pose as craftsmen at victims’ doorstep, or they appeal to victims’ readiness to help by pretending to be a family member in a situation of distress and needing support. This is what happened to Joe F. but he was one of the lucky ones who figured out it was a scam. Too many other seniors fall victim and lose. It seems simple enough not to trust strangers but who can protect the senior when the abuse is coming from someone known and trusted? Lawyers need to be aware their services may be used by family members or caregivers as a means of financial abuse. Hannah (2016) often, a lawyer may be asked to draft documents that provide an elderly persons family member or caregiver with an opportunity to steal the elderly person’s possessions. Education provided to law firms includes reviewing the tactics of a potential perpetrator and how they seek to gain access to a senior’s finances. This education is helping to reduce the incidences of elder financial abuse. As a home health nurse, I will use this research to help educate the elderly patient population that I serve. One of a nurses primary ethical responsibilities is to work with the patient to provide care that maximally enables the physical, emotional and social well-being of the patient. A nurse is also responsible for protecting and advocating for patient’s safety and rights. Protecting the elderly patient from financial abuse is truly advocating for your patient. Nurses also have a responsibility to work with the public and other professionals to foster local, community, and national efforts to improve the financial safety of the elderly population. I have learned to be more empathetic, to help provide emotional support by listening and allowing patients to express how they feel about be a victim of financial abuse. The older adult is often ashamed to admit that they have succumbed to financial abuse. Nurses have a unique opportunity to talk to their patient who have been victimized about their feelings and may also be able to suggest a referral to a professional who is experienced in dealing with financial abuse victims. The nurse may also be the first person to recognize symptoms of depression or suicidal intent of abused elderly victims. The elderly population is entitled to a safe, quality life free from financial abuse. Many nurses and other professionals are working to enhance this safe quality of life for the elderly. This article has reviewed what these health care providers and other professionals have already done to promote safe financial environment and suggests activities that can further enhance the safety of our care of the Elderly form financial abuse.   Nurses are playing, and will continue to play, an ongoing role in the movement to protect the elderly from financial abuse. References Burnes, D., Henderson, Charles R., Sheppard, C., Zhao, R., Pillemer, K., & Lachs, Mark. (2017). Prevalence of financial fraud and scams among older adults in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), E13-E21. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303821 Goergen, T., & Beaulieu, M. (2010). Criminological theory and elder abuse researchfruitful relationship or worlds apart? Ageing International, 35(3), 185-201. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12126-010-9063-2 Hannah, J. M. (2016). Financial abuse of the dependent elder: A lawyers ethical obligations. Family Law Quarterly, 50(1), 117-121. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.southern.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1807742181?accountid=28568 Jackson, S. L. (2015). The vexing problem of defining financial exploitation. Journal of Financial Crime, 22(1), 63-78. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.southern.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1648112727?accountid=28568 Oumlil, A. B., & Williams, A. J. (2011). Financial services and the elderly poor: Development and implementation of sustainable intervention strategies. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 15(4), 274-286. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fsm.2010.23 Tacchino, K. B. (2017). Preventing financial elder abuse. Journal of Personal Finance, 16(1), 78-88. Retrieved from: https://ezproxy.southern.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1925859899?accountid=28568

The Effects Of Farming On The Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

The Effects Of Farming On The Environment Environmental Sciences Essay By 5000 BC the Sumerians had developed core agricultural techniques including large-scale intensive cultivation of land,  mono-cropping, organized  irrigation, and the use of a specialized labour force. Intensive farming or  intensive agriculture  is an agricultural system that aims to produce maximum yield from available land. Besides, its also an  agricultural  production system characterized by the high inputs of  capital,  labour or heavy usage of technologies such as  pesticides  and chemical  fertilizers  relative to land area. You could say food is produced in large quantities with the help of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The products such as eggs, meat and many agricultural products available in many supermarkets are produced using modern intensive farming. Intensive farming is practiced widely by many of the developed economies of the world. Sustainable intensive farming, intensive aquaculture, intensive live stock farming and managed intensive grazing fall under intensive farming. Environment issues of Intensive Farming Intensive farming may bring some issues to the environment. For instance:- Intensive farming includes the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and insecticides.  It is also associated with overpopulated animal farms, which are often associated with pollution and animal sickness. And even more disturbing is the fact that the majority of working farms use intensive farming. This means more chemicals on our plate at each meal. The use of such massive amounts of nitrogen based fertilizers contaminates the area lakes and rivers. Forests are destroyed to create large open fields and this could lead to soil erosion and affects natural habits in the forest. The pesticides sprayed on crops destroy pests, contaminate the crops and kill good insects. Eventually, these chemicals are passed on to the human beings.   The fruits and vegetables bought from farms that promote intensive farming are covered with invisible pesticide. These are not easily washed off. The residue of the pesticide affect the health of human beings.   Use of pesticides has numerous negative health effects on workers who applied those, people that live nearby the area of application or downstream from it and consumers who eat the pesticides which remain on their food. INTENSIVE FARMING IN MALAYSIA Livestock farming in Sabah once seen as backyard farming and pose no threat to the environment, but with the rapid development in the livestock industry, particularly in monogastric subsector, coupled with rapid expansion of urban and peri-urban area, livestock farming has become the critical issue. Excessive livestock waste as a result of intensive farming system need to be addressed. Although animal waste can be utilized as a manure to improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, it can also cause environmental hazard if not managed properly. It can caused malodour or odour nuisance to environment, surface water contamination, secondary pollution and also religious sensitivity. Table 1. Estimated Livestock Population of Sabah, 1999 Species Number (Head) Cattle 44,837 Buffalo 50,741 Goat 37,285 Sheep 1,900 Pig 100,000 Chicken 3,400,000 Duck 113,000 Source: (Anon.1999b) Livestock Species Population Waste Produce (m.t.) per Year Poultry 2.4 millions 178,000 Duck 0.5 millions 55,000 Pig 85,000 248,000 Cattle/Buffalo 97,000 1,416,000 Goat/Sheep 38,000 70,000 Total 1,967,000 Source: (Mokhtar and Chia, 2000) Table 2. Total livestock population and the wastes produced per year The rapid growth of the livestock industry caused on environmental problem-related to the livestock waste generated from the intensive farming system. Livestock waste generated from an extensive or semi extensive farming system does not seem to cause any major environmental problem as shown in table 2, cattle or buffalo wastes amount to 1.4 million metric ton compare to pig wastes about 248,000 metric ton. The problem is further aggravated with the rapid development of the urban and peri-urban area where most of the livestock farms are situated. The total livestock population and the waste produced per year for selected animal is illustrated in Table 2. Environmental problems cause by livestock farming Water Pollution Main environmental problem cause by livestock farming is water pollution, according to The Malaysian Environmental Quality Report, 12 rivers in the state were polluted with ammoniac nitrogen (NH3-N) due to livestock farming and domestic wastes in 1997. Water pollution cause by livestock farming occurred due to malfunction of waste lagoon or accidentally spill over from flooded lagoon or deliberate flushing of wastes directly into river system. Water may turn reddish brown and may destroy the fragile ecosystem. Pollution from nutrients contained in animal manure, namely phosphorous and nitrogen is one of the most serious problems, leading to excess algae growth, robbing water of oxygen which may lead to mass destruction of fish. Air pollution The anaerobic decomposition of stored animal wastes generates various volatile metabolic compounds of which a dozen contributes to odour, in particular hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia. These can cause continuous source of strong, persistent and unreasonably offensive hog/poultry odours. The resulting of air pollution is interfering with surrounding areas. Air pollution in the form of ammonia nitrogen can cause respiratory illness in the neighborhood up to two miles away from the site. Potential source of diseases Beside serious environmental problem, animal waste also may become a source of various diseases such as infectious worm larvae hatched from the worm eggs passed out with the faeces; contamination encrusted with organic matter is an ideal breeding ground of harmful bacteria. Arthropods such as flies, lice, fleas that are attracted by animal waste may trigger outbreak of infectious diseases, because they are the vectors to transmit diseases such as viruses, rickettsiae, protozoa and helminthes. WAYS TO PREVENT There are several ways to prevent Environmental problems cause by livestock farming, fr instance:- To minimize environment problem caused by pig waste there should be proper animal waste management system such as improving the housing adopting by the Pit Recharge System and Concrete Floor unit.   The adoption of the Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBBR) with an Automation, which is waste water treatment system with the function of stirring, aeration and settling.     To reduce the odour emitted from farm, a close housing system with regulated ventilation is used. Thats mean, by using high efficiency fans at one end of the building; fresh air is sucked ion from outside environment passing through the cooling pad to reduce the temperature before being delivered into the building. Livestock Farming Rules, 2001. In the meantime the Department of Veterinary Services and Animal Industry is well aware of the need to control and rectify irregularities in the livestock farming practices. Base on this, Livestock Farming Rules, 2000 (Draft) was introduced. This regulation was created under the existing Animal Ordinance 1962 (Amended 1998). Under this legislation, all livestock farms shall be operated under the permit of Department of Veterinary Services and Animal Industry, Sabah (DOVSAI). CONCLUSION Intensive farming or  intensive agriculture  is an agricultural system characterized by the high inputs of  capital,  labour or heavy usage of technologies such as  pesticides  and chemical  fertilizers  relative to land area. Intensive farming is practiced widely by many of the developed economies of the world. However, it may bring disadvantages to our environment. Livestock farming has become the critical issue. The rapid growth of the livestock industry in Sabah caused on environmental problem-related to the livestock waste generated from the intensive farming system. Excessive livestock waste as a result of intensive farming system need to be addressed. If not managed properly, it can caused malodour or odour nuisance to environment, surface water contamination, secondary pollution and also religious sensitivity. RERERENCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-for-intensive-farming.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-for-intensive-farming.html http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5019e/y5019e0l.htm http://kb.rspca.org.au/RSPCA-Policy-B2-Intensive-farming-practices_165.html http://www.sabah.gov.my/jpas/news/SITE/SITEppr12.pdf Water pollution in a rural stream due to farming activity APPENDIXC:UsersEnd_UserPicturesuntitled.bmp photo06.jpg Pesticides drift The use of pesticides in agriculture C:UsersEnd_UserDesktopimage.jpg

Religion and Economics in Robinson Crusoe and Protestant Ethic and the

Religion and Economics in Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and Max Weber's Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most recognized and influential theories in sociology appears in Max Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, which links the development of capitalism to social and cultural factors, primarily religion, instead of economic factors alone. In his theory Weber concludes that the Protestant Ethic greatly influenced the development of capitalism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. According to Gordon Marshall, Weber argues that the two most important factors of Protestantism contributing to capitalism were "diligence in worldly callings or vocations" and the notion of predestination (71). If indeed these religious factors did influence the rise of capitalism, it would make perfect sense that other cultural elements, such as literature, would reflect both Protestant and capitalist ideology. This essay shows that in fact such Protestant notions as calling and predestination, which were present in the religion of the time, interact with capitalist ideas in Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe, who was himself a devout Protestant that used his writings to influence both the religious and economic views of his readers (Earle 31). If Weber's argument is tenable, then Robinson Crusoe may serve to represent in fiction the Protestant Ethic in early eighteenth century society and its developing spirit of capitalism. An especially interesting question that arises from this analysis is how a social structure that is traditionally considered a-moral, unfair, and materialistic (i.e., economics) can be justified by a structure that is considered moral, just, and spiritual (i.e., rel... ...ork: Scribner's, 1954. Earle, Peter. The World of Defoe. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1976. Forell, George W. The Protestant Faith. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1960. Marshall, Gordon. In Search of the Spirit of Capitalism: An Essay on Max Weber's Protestant Ethic Thesis. New York: Columbia UP, 1982. Pauck, Wilhelm. The Heritage of Reformation. New York: Oxford UP, 1950. Reshef, Yonatan. "Max Weber: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism." n. pag. Online. Internet. 5 October 1999. Available: http://courses.bus.ualberta.ca/orga417/weber.htm Tawney, R. H. Religion and the Rise of Capitalism: A Historical Study. London: Hazell, Watson, and Viney, 1926. Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Online. 10 October 1999. Available: http://www.spc.uchicago.edu/ssrl/PRELIMS/Theory/weber.html#weber2.   

Ionic Bond :: essays research papers

When ionic solids dissolve, they divide to give their positive and negative ions that make up the solids. These ions become hydrates and have the same relative proportions when in solution and when solid. The more the solid dissolves, the more the ion’s concentration increases. This increase and build-up allows for the reverse reaction to occur. In this phase of the reaction the ions crystallise out in order for the reaction to have a greater chance of occurring. Eventually the rate of dissolving will equal the rate of crystallisation. This is the state of saturation. This can be recognised by a constant colour or constant mass.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The solubility product constant, Ksp is given in the following example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp for AgCl is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp = [Ag][Cl]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp for PbI2 is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp = [Pb][I]2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This gives the relationship between the ions in the saturated solution and is the maximum concentration possible without creating precipitation. In this lab, solutions of lead nitrate and potassium iodide will be mixed at a number of dilutions. The reactions will then be observed to see at which point a precipitate no longer occurs. Ksp will then be stated as a range of values at room temperature, and the precipitate test tubes will be heated until the precipitate is dissolved so that Ksp may be observed and determined at different levels. In this experiment various solutions of lead nitrate and potassium iodide were mixed at a number of different dilutions. Through the observation of the amount – or lack of precipitate formed in each dilution, the mathematical relationship between the ions in a saturated dilution may be determined. This relationship is known as the solubility product constant, or Ksp, and is defined as follows, “The Ksp for an ionic solid is given by the product of the concentrations of the ions, each raised to the power of the coefficients in the dissolving reaction.'; (Heath Chemistry). The Ksp expression gives the maximum possible concentration of ions in a saturated solution without causing precipitation. Based on the equation for this experiment we can conclude that the ksp expression for this experiment is: Ksp = [Pb][I]2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Ksp for lead iodide at 25oC is 8.5x10^-9. Through the substitution of the values for each test tube, the trial product, or KSPtrial was obtained. A precipitate then formed in those test tubes who’s KSPtrial was greater than the Ksp, whereas if the KSPtrial was calculated as being less than the Ksp, no precipitate formed. Ionic Bond :: essays research papers When ionic solids dissolve, they divide to give their positive and negative ions that make up the solids. These ions become hydrates and have the same relative proportions when in solution and when solid. The more the solid dissolves, the more the ion’s concentration increases. This increase and build-up allows for the reverse reaction to occur. In this phase of the reaction the ions crystallise out in order for the reaction to have a greater chance of occurring. Eventually the rate of dissolving will equal the rate of crystallisation. This is the state of saturation. This can be recognised by a constant colour or constant mass.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The solubility product constant, Ksp is given in the following example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp for AgCl is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp = [Ag][Cl]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp for PbI2 is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ksp = [Pb][I]2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This gives the relationship between the ions in the saturated solution and is the maximum concentration possible without creating precipitation. In this lab, solutions of lead nitrate and potassium iodide will be mixed at a number of dilutions. The reactions will then be observed to see at which point a precipitate no longer occurs. Ksp will then be stated as a range of values at room temperature, and the precipitate test tubes will be heated until the precipitate is dissolved so that Ksp may be observed and determined at different levels. In this experiment various solutions of lead nitrate and potassium iodide were mixed at a number of different dilutions. Through the observation of the amount – or lack of precipitate formed in each dilution, the mathematical relationship between the ions in a saturated dilution may be determined. This relationship is known as the solubility product constant, or Ksp, and is defined as follows, “The Ksp for an ionic solid is given by the product of the concentrations of the ions, each raised to the power of the coefficients in the dissolving reaction.'; (Heath Chemistry). The Ksp expression gives the maximum possible concentration of ions in a saturated solution without causing precipitation. Based on the equation for this experiment we can conclude that the ksp expression for this experiment is: Ksp = [Pb][I]2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Ksp for lead iodide at 25oC is 8.5x10^-9. Through the substitution of the values for each test tube, the trial product, or KSPtrial was obtained. A precipitate then formed in those test tubes who’s KSPtrial was greater than the Ksp, whereas if the KSPtrial was calculated as being less than the Ksp, no precipitate formed.

Price Discrimination | Amusement Parks Essay

Introduction Consider these Amusement park pricing scenarios: ?Six Flags Discovery kingdom sells its annual season pass for $59. 99. According to its website, â€Å"Buy your Season Pass for $59. 99, just $14 more than a one-day admission. † ?Bush Gardens Dark Continent. sells its Fun Card for $95. 00. According to its website, â€Å"Pay for a Day, Get now through 2015 FREE. †, Now why would they give away an unlimited entry annual pass for an extra 25% over the single entry price? What is common in these pricing scenarios? All these businesses are practicing what economists call, â€Å"Metered Price Discriminationâ€Å", or what marketers describe as, â€Å"Customer Margin†. It all starts with, â€Å"price discrimination† – charging different customers different prices. Customers differ in the value they get from a product/service and in how much they are willing to pay for it. For each price point you set, there will be different number of customers willing to pay that price. That is your demand curve. The goal is to find the price that maximizes profit. There are many different ways to monetize the customer and Amusement parks offer us a great opportunity to examine several of them. As in the example above, Amusement Parks employ multiple price discrimination strategies when establishing ticket prices in order to increase Six Flags Season Pass Pricing Busch Gardens â€Å"Fun Card† Pricing overall attendance but make up for the lost single entry fee revenue from the subset of customers willing to pay set pricing scale at park concession stands, gift shops, diners and restaurants. This is Metered Price Discrimination – some customers get away with paying the low â€Å"entry fee† while others pay more by consuming additional services at different prices. Discrimination can take several forms and those presently employed in the amusement park industry begins with an exploration of spatial discrimination. Spatial Discrimination Amusement parks benefit greatly from their ability to isolate customers away from competitors for long periods of time. Part of the value proposition for an amusement park is the highly developed themed experience they provide. Once fully immersed in the amusement park experience the level of difficulty and inconvenience in accessing alternative providers for staples like food, drink, shopping, and accommodations, grows exponentially. Utilizing spatial discrimination, the parks have several different supply, demand and profit opportunities to exploit.? Higher than market food pricing and profits based on proximity and distance to cheaper alternative. Amusement Parks, like many other entertainment businesses can derive extremely high profits from customers on purchases of goods and services once inside the park. ?Zero competition from competitors within park confines. The experience of the park itself requires a good deal of isolation and space so the business can control the imagery, interactions, and exposure to inconsistent inputs. The space and isolation enables the parks to create their own marketplace and exclude other industry actors access to the customers in their park avoiding food, retail, services competition altogether. Once the customer is in the park you control the market and the market offerings and pricing ? Ingress and Egress marketing opportunities for personalized content like group photos on T-Shirts, Mugs etc. The parks have cameras throughout their facilities and more often than not have a kiosk standing by to sell customers personalized remembrances of the experience the park is providing. Only the park has the photo of your family on the roller coaster together. Since they own the roller coaster, they can restrict access to the best picture locations. Price discrimination takes place in that they control the supply completely. Calculate the highest price the market is willing to pay and sit back, you’ve eliminated the competition while they are in the park. Bundling One type of membership popular with both Bush Gardens and Walt Disney World customers is the add-on (up charge) for water park entry in addition to the amusement park entry at a reduced â€Å"bundled† price. Water park capacity is likely to be considerably less than the amusement park so the profit maximization point must take into account the â€Å"limited capacity† constraint. The reduced revenues from the amusement park tickets vs. full price tickets needs to be tracked so supply of the amusement/water park bundles does not, or to the best case achievable, negatively impact the supply of the water park â€Å"single park† utilization. Profit maximization can be best achieved by limiting the bundle availability to key periods during the annual calendar when excess capacity exists at the water park. Bundling will fill the gap between current utilization and current capacity at the water park while providing added perceived value to the purchase of a amusement park ticket. Peak Load Pricing. The customers of annual passes are further discriminated by those that have the capability to tailor entry dates away from peak load periods. Ex. Walt Disney World â€Å"Florida Resident† annual passes with entry restricted during the summer and holiday periods. Amusement Parks have multiple levels and types of annualized memberships based on paying a onetime fee for unlimited entry for a specified period (Typically annually) at specified times. The overall infrastructure footprint of the parks is constant. In the slower months of the year there is Busch Gardens Bundled Pricing Walt Disney World Florida Resident Pricing  an excess of capacity (or supply0 at the parks and the peak load pricing attracts park visitors at lower utilization periods of the year. (An argument can be made for inclusion in the Spatial Discrimination category and the overlap is noted here. Florida residents benefit from a price discriminator compared to out of state customers but must use the park facilities at times it benefits the park most. ) Air fares, Hotels, etc. Finally, the cross marketing partners the amusement parks team with will employ length of stay discounts, food offerings, free parking offers, service level upgrades, hotel upgrades and the like. The price discriminators are focused on the ancillary products and services typically required to in order to utilize the amusement parks. The parks will appoint official Airlines of the park, or have a preferred credit card, or as in the case of Walt Disney World several tiers of hotels. Disney owns their own hotels, all in the best locations, extensively themed to the park specifications. Disney also leases hotel locations on their land to the major hotel chains. The location is not the best, and the hotels cannot use Disney’s Theme in their decorating but they are located on Disney property with access to Disney’s higher income, more likely to spend money, customers. A third tier exists in the hotels off Disney property. Disney will offer discounted ticket prices to these hotels for their customers. Walt Disney World Package Pricing Closing Amusement Parks have well developed and sophisticated price discrimination strategies in place. They capitalize on several of the methods described in the Harvard note Economics of Product Variety. They use spacial discrimination to boost profits on food, services, and goods once the supply is controlled in the park. They use bundling to attract attendance across the multiple parks they operate in the hopes of increasing profits through the generated increase in demand the bundling creates. They use peak load pricing to entice attendees during low utilization periods as well as boost purchase of ancillary â€Å"high margin† items in the parks. And they use cross marketing strategies to team with hotels, airlines, credit cards, and others to increase demand from third tier hoteliers near the park. References HIRSCHEY, MARK; MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS 12TH EDITION, CENGAGE LEARNING, MASON OH, 2009 President and Fellows of Havard College, Price Discrimination, Havard Business Schools Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, 1993.

Beauty Within and Without

She Walks in dish was scripted by George Gordon, Lord Byron, an English poet during the too soon nineteenth century. The poesy falls in spite of appearance the genre of lyric poetry in which the poet expresses his writings and imaginations (Clugston, 2010, section 11. 3). Romance is the central feeling in the verse how ever so, it is governed by a approximation of principles which metaphorically balances inner set with sheer external saucer. Being espo affair for many years, my connection with the poem was in looking back to the moments when I apply similar plaster bandages of romantic poetry to promulgate my affections for my wife during the early stages of our engagement.I withal found familiarity in the signification of the cobblers last stanza of the poem which has an al approximately identical meaning to a cable television service from the closing lyric of one of my favorite romantic comedies scripted by William Shakespeare entitled, The Taiming of the Schrew. She Walks in debaucher embodies some(prenominal) lovable content and form apply differentiate opposites however, its theme that external beauty is a saying of inner truth has a valuable message for clubhouse that real beauty is a compounding of inner rectitude and outward appearance.I was engaged by the content of the She Walks in Beauty through its image of realness created by the speaker as he is intently focused on a vision of sheer beauty charm also recognizing qualities of virtue and innocence. His main blueprint for holding this image throughout this eighteen-line poem is by contrasting opposites such as the phantasm with the light or the iniquity with the day. For example, two opposites are brought together in the first two lines of the poem aided by the most obvious condition of a clear and starry, oonlit night in lines 1 and 2 of stanza 1 She walks in beauty, like the night followed by Of clear climes and starry skies and again in line 3 he also compare s opposites with dark and bright (as cited in Clugston, 2010, section 11. 3, stanza 1). once more than in line 7, he compares opposites between shade and ray and between more and less and again between lines 9 and 10 he compares ravens with lightens (Clugston, 2010, section 11. 3, stanza 2). His attainment here in doing this type of contrasting is quite scarce and not genuinely the normal style of comparing two like items used during this romanticism purpose in history.The content was very kind however, I also found the form of this piece of poetry to be engaging by use of metaphors, enjambed lines, and the whole thought of the poem reflecting the theme throughout with groovy observations of inner and outer beauty. For example, he begins to notice on the blend of her morale attributes in lines 11 and 12 where a tidings picture is used to characterize her mind. He says her thoughts (line 11) are a dwelling calculate (lines 12) that are both pure and estimable (Clugston, 20 10, section 11. 3, stanza 2).Lord Byron makes good use of enjambed lines in the opening of the poem because thither should not be a unveil after line 1. Instead the subscriber should continue to the end of line 2 without pause which when read thus, a musicalness is brought out that makes the first two lines choke as effortless and beautiful as the womans remarkable appearance. Since the poem is about a womans effortless beauty it is quite meat cleaver of the poet to assign a rhythmic fourth dimension that is balanced with her appearance. The poem is set in limbic tetrameter with an ABABAB rhyme scheme (Shmoop pillar Team. November 11, 2008). She Walks in Beauty Rhyme, Form & Meter. Retrieved may 16, 2011, from http//www. shmoop. com/she-walks-in-beauty/rhyme-form-meter. html). Both the content and form were appeal to me however, I had a most remarkable connection to the last stanza regarding its meaning. The most sympathetic aspect of stanza 3 is that it is central to the t heme that inner goodness is a thoughtfulness of external beauty.I found that this theme is also thematically represented in a speech made at the end of William Shakespeares romantic drollery entitled, The Taiming of the Schrew. During the last scene of the play, the character of Kate contend by the late Elizabeth Taylor while criticize two companions regarding how and why they should reverence their husbands verbalize these words, Why are our bodies soft, and weak, and smooth . . . exactly that our soft conditions and our hearts Should well fit in with our external parts (SparkNotes Editors, 2002, Analysis portrayal V, scene ii). This statement is a hone parallel with the theme for She Walks in Beauty which is that inner goodness is a reflection of external beauty. She Walks in Beauty has rattling(prenominal) content and form and the poet maintains a mind of realism throughout while tutelage the reader focused on a positive theme that inner goodness is a reflection of ex ternal beauty. though it was not the norm to compare opposites in poetry, Lord Byron chose to explore this side of literary writing. Moreover, She Walks in Beauty is one of the most memorable forms of lyric poetry ever created crediting Lord Byron as one of the romanticistic periods outstanding poets.ReferencesClugston, R. W. (2010). move around into literature. San Diego, California Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).She Walks in Beauty Rhyme, Form & Meter.Retrieved may 16, 2011, from http//www.shmoop.com/she-walks-in-beauty/rhyme-form-meter.html SparkNotes Editors. (2002). SparkNote on The Taming of the Shrew. Retrieved May 16, 2011, from http//www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/shrew/

The Historical Importance and Latest Findings of the Great Wall of China

( Use relate studies, other promulgated or on business line stuff to give pursue in the selected grade )Introduction ( 250 )The neat fence in was reck hotshotd as the instauration of discourse s largest gentleman- do fashionion made up of rock, bricks and earthen plants whose construction started every snatch early as the one-s levelth century BC. Origin every(prenominal)y, it was used in more intents but the just ab emerge important was to flow as a boundary line control that comprised of ticker towers, fort piazza and troop quarters etc.It has receive acknowledgment by doing the introduction hereditary pattern List in 1987 of its ethnical determine in Chinese business relationship. In late(a) decennary, archaeologists put attempts in formulation intoing the genuine length of the skirt by development field go, hostile feeling and stratigraphy to look for archeologic potency in close countries. It has contributed to a drastic alteration for the universe to acknowledge an tear down larger edifice undertaking in china. Over the antiquated ages, it has been pulling tourers from all around the kingdom to witness this olympian munition. In acrimony of their eternal captivation towards the most reckonable antiquated wall, many were inconsiderate in littering that sparked arguments in its economic system work. Furthermore, the great(p) mole is praised by its pro ground value in Chinese history, act as a inexpugnable attribute and diachronic grounds for commonwealth to determine past events. In the followers, it entrust discourse its historical importance, recent u closelippedthed findings, providence work and ethnical value to analyse its relationship of yesteryear and nowadays.Standards of WHL Danny Harmonizing to the World hereditary pattern Convention, there argon 10 standards for the universe hereditary pattern choice. Six of them atomic number 18 elaboration standards and quartet of them be natural standards. The perpetration ordain measure the inheritance topical anaestheticise based on this 10 standards. If the heritage earth of affairss list on the WHL, orders must be of outstanding cosmopolitan value and get together at least one out of 10 standards ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . The bulky breakwater is the purification site that list on the WHL and it meets quintet out of six civilization standards of choice. In transmit-on, the abundant shelter meets standards ( I ) , ( twown(prenominal) ) , ( ternion ) , ( four ) and ( six ) . So, the large smother is a heritage site that contains outstanding cosmopolitan value. Therefore, the salient groin has been listed on the WHL at 1987.The standard ( I ) is to represent a chef-doeuvre of compassionate original mastermind ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . The corking argue is a chef-doeuvre because it is the lone human custodies build building on the undercoat that human butt see it from the immeasurable ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . The length of it is larger than 20,000 kilometres and all build by human custodies. So, it shows the human originative mastermind in edifice this bulky graduated table building.For the standard ( twain ) , the heritage site shows the important step in in the human values. The human values of Chinese spread to the Yankee bound in the period of Chunqiu. The extensive groin reinforces the Sinicism by the transportation of population ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . virtually of the Chinese and alien from north defyd near the gigantic value and the civilization intergradation shows the flick in the human values.For the standard ( three ) , the heritage site provides particular or of import groundss to the civilisation. The enceinte wall provides particular or of import groundss to the rammed-earth subdivisions of munitions dating from the Hesperian Han ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . Some subdivisions of the bulky bulwark atomic number 18 made of the rammed-earth which is the gray-haired constructional stuff.For the standard ( four ) , the heritage site is an outstanding a priori history for edifices, architectural manner or trade. Since the great(p) Wall is the long-lasting and grey-hairedest war machine building in the World, it is an outstanding abstractive account for s disusediery building. In 220 B.C. , Qin Shi Huang built the first military construction-the gigantic Wall of the Qin dynasty to cherish the state ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . In the later(a) dynasties, they at any rate built this sort of military building to forestall the incursion from the northwestward. Therefore, The expectant Wall is an outstanding theoretical account for munitions and it served as military intent for 2,000 old ages.For the standard ( six ) , the heritage site is associated with the literary work of outstanding world-wide implication. The Great Wall has an uncomparable typic moment in the history of chinaw ar ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . We can happen the Great Wall this symbolic significance in many Chinese literary plants in Tang dynasty much(prenominal) as the verse form of Tu Fu ( 712-770 ) ( UNSECO, n.d. ) .As a cultural heritage site, the Great Wall does non maneuver into the standards ( V ) . Harmonizing to the demand, the heritage site on the WHL merely motivation to run into at least one standard. The other five standards subscribe to grave evidence that the Great Wall is restricted and worthy to name on the WHL. jibe Kellys Even though the Great Wall still remains in china, archeologists seize a shit found assorted agencies to give way sites around the Great Wall in command to seek its cultural significance. In fact, the most outstanding refresh was the recitation of Google Earth and C dating that helped in detecting a lost segmentation of the Wall back in 2011 in Southern Mongolia ( Owen, 2012 ) .Initially, the archeologists were look intoing typographic hints seen in Google Earth through orbiter exposure. Via remote feeling, they were able to c onfer with ancient historical texts to analyse these satellite imagination. Interestingly, they merely spy a staying piece of fossil instead of skull and big femur. With this grounds in head, archeologists thought process that the Wall must be in a much extended length. Similarly, hundred 14 dating had shown partially capable wood and rope remains the building was so assumed to be went on for over 100s of old ages or even more than a thousand old ages subsequently, some from 1040 to 1160. As a consequence, they wide supposed that Western Xia dynasty constructed the Wall on the site ( Owen, 2012 ) . Excavation is hence unfeignedly indispensable in set uping an raspy day of the month of the yesteryear for archeological sites.Up until now in 2015, archeologists have been analyzing archive exposures, historical paperss and field walking to detect more and more part of the Great Wall that have non been publicly seeable. One team of experts in northwestern china discovered a young subdivision of wall which is comprised of rammed Earth whereas few parts were even built on top of mountain scopes and spread along vales it was found chiefly between Jingyuan landed estate and Nanchangtan small town. In historical paperss, they came to a consensus that Emperor Qin demanded the Great Wall had to run across Gansu state, Ningxia and Mongolia. However, some ruins were found shorter than rough-cut that the archeologists believed it was because of natural debasement. In this instance, the Great Wall can be seen as una manage constructions built through both Federal and Southern Mongolia from start to complete, and existed over a twosome of dynasties ( Chow and Chan, 2015 ) .All in all, from the above dating methods and analytical survey of the Great Wall, many published stuffs have told the universe how the Great Wall is real more extended it surely was a ground-breaking intelligence for archeologists and tourers every bit nifty. In peculiar, Google Earth w as deeply applied in the survey as it proved its scientific values in making archeological research. Under these fortunes, archeology can be seen as a stepping rock for the Chinese to hold deeper apprehensions of Chinese history and even the cultural transmutation in their ain topographic point. From larning about the past emperors, the Chinese can too heighten their understanding of belonging with ascendants and peck amongst coevalss.PreservationPresently, verbalize the saving of the Great Wall, several(prenominal) go be undergoing.Patrol TeamsHarmonizing to an hold found on chinaware daily, an official patrolling squad is cosmos organized to look into against the vituperate of the gigantic construction. This policing squad leave tighten on the subdivision in Beijing, which is 630km long, including the most popular subdivision of the Great Wall, Badaling. ( http //www.chinadaily.com.cn/ side of meat/doc/2006-02/16/content_520680.htm, 2006 )As mentioned by Yu Ping, deput y manager of the Beijing municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage, members of this squad forget normally be rural occupants who live near the Wall, and will be paid by local authoritiess.Apart from the patrol squad, a buffer zone would besides be drawn to advocate protect the Great Wall, as announced by the Chinese disposal. This buffer zone will become up to three old ages to be finished. At nowadays, merely a general criterion runing from 500 meters to 2 kilometers off from the Wall is designated as a buffer zone to protect it. falsify in Law to protect the Great WallBack in Sep. 20 of 2006, the State Council have promulgated ordinances gabble the protection of the Great Wall, which have come into consequence on Dec. 1 of the aforesaid(prenominal) twelvemonth ( hypertext manoeuvre protocol //www. rightfulnessinfochina.com/display.aspx? lib= rightfulness & A id=5635 & A CGid= , 2006 ) .The jurisprudence will concentrate on protecting the Great Wall, with its affiliat ed edifices and environing enviornment. For illustration, from August 2003 onwards, tramps and tourers will non be permitted to research unprotected subdivisions of the Great Wall.Harmonizing to an obligate found on change of location China Guide, The intent of the ordinance are to assist modulate reckonors and local residents behaviours when sing the Wall. For illustration, denomination 18 of the ordinance forbits activites such as illegal organisations of activities and taking off points related to the Great Wall. ( hypertext manoeuvre protocol //www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/wallprotection/law/ , 2006 )Restoration AttemptsBack in marching music of 2004, the initial stage of service on the subdivision known as Huanghuacheng had begun. Harmonizing to an article found on China Daily, it includes rehabilitating 13 crenelations, two Gatess and 3,300 meters of wall on a four-kilogreat wall from the spacemetre stretch. ( http //www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005- 04/20/content_435783.htm, 2005 )Mei Ninghua, manager of the Beijing municipal Bureau of Cultural Heritage, besides mentioned that this redevelopment undertaking is scheduled to be carried out in three stages and would be at least 12 million kwai.To add on, Luo Zhewen, an expert on ancient architecture besides noted that original stuffs and handed-down techniques should be used every bit much as come-at-able, otherwise, the word rescue could non be fulfilled.ImprovementHowever, merely as the saving work is undergoing, harm to the Wall are still going serious. Presently, A big sum of the wall has collapsed and in some subdivisions, merely its foundation remains, accroding to a five-year study ( Rossella Lorenzi, 2012 ) .On the other manus, subdivisions which are yet to be restored, known as wild wall and are non loose to the lower classes, besides suffer from semisynthetic harm. It could be found that local small towns a great deal put up Fe ladders illegitimately to pull tram ps.It is frequently argued concentrated touristry is the chief cause for the harm make on the Wall, with most of the bricks in Badaling being carved with quite a littles names and graffito as back uping grounds.The Great Walls current saving work could be improved from several positions.First, it would be of import to educate the populace about the importance and cultural significance of stand foring their cultural individuality.Extra caution and fiscal support should be precondition to locals small towns populating near parts which are considered wild walls. Most of the small towns are damaging the Wall merely because they are holding a tough life. It is possible that with equal fiscal support, the villages load could be alleviated and no longer need to go on the aforesaid act.Planting trees can besides assist protect the countries from eroding. However, there are still suites for dialogue among cultural heritage organisations and Chinese authorities.Last but non least, toure rs like us can besides take part in assisting the saving work. moreover as usual pattern when we visit foreign topographic points, we should neer go forth rubbish behind nor take away anything related to the Great Wall. such undistinguished actions could lend a mess hall to the saving work to an extent furthest beyond our imaginativeness.Cultural significance of cultural siteThe Great Wall is the longest and oldest military munitions in the World, and ranks among the Seven Wonders of the World . It starts from Shanhaiguan Pass in the E and ends at Jiayuguan Pass in the West which is for protect the resist the invasion of mobile kinfolk in different periods. The Great Wall was foremost built at the skip over and Autumn Period ( 770-476 BC ) and constructed at the Ming dynasties ( 1368-1644 ) , and the history reflected the significance and cultural significance behind the Great Wall.First of wholly, the Great Wall is a powerful symbol in China. It represents the fusion of China because it is a wall that made China was incorporated in the Qin Dynasty ( 221-206 BC ) . ( China Highlights, 2011 ) In the Spring and Autumn Period, the first portion of the Great Wall was built to against the war. The Great Wall had the intent of military defence, especially in forestalling northern people on horseback from assailing people in the South. In the Qin dynasty ( 221 BC ) , King Zheng of Qin check China by linked all the wall together and formed a dividing line in China. later on Qin Shi Huang unified China, all of the Chinese worked together for the good of the state. ( Chen, 2014 ) Besides, the Great Wall is used as a spliting line to split the North and south nationality and maintain their civilization non modify by each other. Besides, the Great Wall helped to defence the northern people came and attacked China. In The March of the Volunteers which is the National Anthem of the multitude s Republic of China, the wordss Take our flesh, and construct it to go a tender Great Wall show that the Great Wall is the protection for the life and spirit of Chinese. ( Chiu, n.d. )Second, the fables and tales about the Great Wall show the cultural significance. As the Great Wall of China has become the symbol of the Chinese state and its civilization, there were tonss of beautiful fables and muniments happened during building are abundant, such as Meng Jiangnu s narrative and the fable of the Beacon Tower. ( Travel China Guide, 2011 ) For the Meng Jiangnu s narrative, it happened during the Qin Dynasty ( 221BC-206BC ) . Meng Jiangnu s hubby was caught by federal functionaries and sent to construct the wall. After Meng knew her hubby was dead because of physique the wall, she cried and her ululation caused the prostration of a portion of the wall. This narrative shows the wall is the production of 10s of 1000s of Chinese common mans. Those beautiful narratives and legends about the wall are helpful to maintain the Chinese history and civilizati on. ( Travel China Guide, 2011 )The Great Wall built to protect the civilization and factory farm of China and support the onslaught from northern people. With the history and cultural significance of the Great Wall, it represents the spirit of Chinese as Chinese are tough and strong to protect themselves.DecisionReference List Danny UNSECO, ( n.d. ) ,The Criteria for Selection. Retrieved April 21, 2015, from hypertext delight protocol //whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/2. UNSECO, ( n.d. ) ,The Great Wall. Retrieved April 21, 2015, from hypertext reposition protocol //whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 Kellys 3. Owen ( 2012 ) ,Lost Great Wall of China Segment lay down?National geographic News. Mar 20, 2012. Retrieved fromhypertext transfer protocol //news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120319-great-wall-of-china-mongolia-science-lindesay/ ? utm_source= handburner & A utm_medium=feed & A utm_campaign=Feed % 3A+ng % 2FNews % 2FNews_Main+ % 28National+Geographic+News+-+Main % 29 & A utm_ content=Google+Reader4.Chow and Chan ( 2015 ) ,It s even greater than we thought Archeologists discovered NINE new subdivisions of the Great Wall of China.Daily Mail Online. Peopless Daily. joined Kingdom. Apr 16, 2015.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.dailymail.co.uk/news/peoplesdaily/article-3041972/It-s-greater-thought-Archaeologists-discovered-NINE-new-sections-Great-Wall-China.html Aikens Great Wall subdivision gets facelift ( 2005 ) .China DailyRetrieved April 29, 2015, fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-04/20/content_435783.htmRegulations on Great Wall Protection,Travel China GuideRetrieved April 29, 2015, fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/wallprotection/law/Great Wall to present patrol squad,China DailyRetrieved April 29, 2015, fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-02/16/content_520680.htmRossella Lorenzi ( June 7, 2012 ) . Great Wall of China tw ice every bit long as idea,Discovery NewsRetrieved April 29, 2015, fromhypertext transfer protocol //news.discovery.com/history/archeology/great-wall-china-long-120607.htmRegulations on the Protection of The Great Wall,a?-aa?e?-c?Retrieved April 29, 2015, fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx? lib=law & A id=5635 & A CGid= Kawun Travel China Guide ( 2011 ) .Great Wall Culture. Retrieved April 28, 2015 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/culture/China Highlights ( 2011 ) .Great Wall Culture. Retrieved April 28, 2015 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.chinahighlights.com/greatwall/culture/Chen, A. ( 2014 ) . China Travel Page.Cultural Significance of the Great Wall of China. Retrieved April 28, 2015 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.chinatravelpage.com/cultural-significance-of-the-great-wall-of-chinaChiu, L. ( n.d. ) , Chinese Culture. InThe Chinese National Anthem. 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